The standards set expectations for what kids should know at the end of the course; they are not markers for particular topics along the way. The sort of question you ask here comes up when people try to arrange the standards into a curriculum, but there are many cases where that doesn’t really make sense (this one, for instance). That said, assessment writers have to make decisions about what sorts of questions belong to which standards, and I think your suggestion here is reasonable that 6.EE.1 would be assessed with simpler expressions than 6.EE.2c.
As for your question about bases, I don’t see any reason to restrict the base to whole numbers.